{"id":9364,"date":"2014-05-08T20:43:06","date_gmt":"2014-05-08T12:43:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/?p=9364"},"modified":"2014-05-08T14:49:09","modified_gmt":"2014-05-08T06:49:09","slug":"scientists-find-14-dancing-frog-species-amid-signs-their-south-indian-habitat-is-in-trouble","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/2014\/05\/08\/scientists-find-14-dancing-frog-species-amid-signs-their-south-indian-habitat-is-in-trouble\/","title":{"rendered":"Scientists find 14 \u2018dancing frog\u2019 species, amid signs their south Indian habitat is in trouble"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Photo<\/a>
Photo from pennypostcards.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

NEW DELHI\u2014Scientists have discovered 14 new species of so-called dancing frogs in the jungle mountains of southern India\u2014just in time, they fear, to watch them fade away.<\/p>\n

Indian biologists say they found the tiny acrobatic amphibians, which earned their name with the unusual kicks they use to attract mates, declining dramatically in number during the 12 years in which they chronicled the species through morphological descriptions and molecular DNA markers. They breed after the yearly monsoon in fast-rushing streams, but their habitat appears to be becoming increasingly dry.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s like a Hollywood movie, both joyful and sad. On the one hand, we have brought these beautiful frogs into public knowledge. But about 80 per cent are outside protected areas, and in some places, it was as if nature itself was crying,\u201d said the project\u2019s lead scientist, University of Delhi professor Sathyabhama Das Biju.<\/p>\n

Biju said that, as researchers tracked frog populations, forest soils lost moisture and perennial streams ran inexplicably dry. He acknowledged his team\u2019s observations about forest conditions were only anecdotal; the scientists did not have time or resources to collect data demonstrating the declining habitat trends they believed they were witnessing.<\/p>\n

The study listing the new species\u2014published Thursday in the Ceylon Journal of Science\u2014brings the number of known Indian dancing frog species to 24.<\/p>\n

They\u2019re found exclusively in the Western Ghats, a lush mountain range that stretches 1,600 kilometres (990 miles) from the western state of Maharashtra down to the country\u2019s southern tip.<\/p>\n

Only the males dance\u2014it\u2019s actually a unique breeding behaviour called foot-flagging. They stretch, extend and whip their legs out to the side to draw the attention of females who might have trouble hearing mating croaks over the sound of water flowing through perennial hill streams.<\/p>\n

They bigger the frog, the more they dance. They also use those leg extensions to smack away other males\u2014an important feature considering the sex ratio for the amphibians is usually around 100 males to one female.<\/p>\n

\u201cThey need to perform and prove, \u2018Hey, I\u2019m the best man for you,\u201d\u2018 said Biju, a botanist-turned-herpetologist now celebrated as India\u2019s \u201cFrogman\u201d for discovering dozens of new species in his four-decade career.<\/p>\n

There are other dancing frogs in Central America and\u00a0Southeast Asia, but the Indian family, known by the scientific name Micrixalidae, evolved separately about 85 million years ago.<\/p>\n

Biju and his team had long been baffled about the frogs\u2019 mating patterns, after searching years around the forest floor for egg clutches without success. But one late October day in 2011 they witnessed a rare tryst, and saw the female immediately bury her eggs once fertilized. This confirmed the frogs were indeed breeding only after stream levels had come down, and underlined how vulnerable they might be to changes in rainfall or water availability.<\/p>\n

These are tiny, delicate frogs\u2014no bigger than a walnut\u2014and can easily be swept away in a gushing mountain stream. So breeding happens only once the level of a stream levels drops to the point where the water babbles over boulders and stones, he explained. If streams hold less water or dry out too early, the frogs get caught without the right conditions to breed.<\/p>\n

\u201cCompared with other frogs, these are so sensitive to this habitat that any change might be devastating for them,\u201d Biju said. \u201cBack in 2006, we saw maybe 400 to 500 hopping around during the egg-laying season. But each year there were less, and in the end even if you worked very hard it was difficult to catch even 100.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Western Ghats, older than the Himalayas, is among the world\u2019s most biologically exciting regions, holding at least a quarter of all Indian species. Yet in recent decades, the region has faced a constant assault by iron and bauxite mining, water pollution, unregulated farming and loss of habitat to human settlements.<\/p>\n

A 2010 report by India\u2019s Environment Ministry also said the Ghats were likely to be hard-hit by changing rainfall patterns due to climate change, and more recent scientific studies have also suggested monsoon patterns will grow increasingly erratic.<\/p>\n

India\u2019s government has been working to establish a vast environmental protection zone across the Ghats to limit polluting industrial activities and human encroachment, but it put the latest proposal on hold earlier this year.<\/p>\n

Meanwhile, as India\u2019s population has grown to a staggering 1.2 billion, at least 25 per cent of the forests have vanished from the Ghats, which is now home to more than 325 of the world\u2019s threatened species of plants, birds, amphibians, reptiles and fish.<\/p>\n

Many of these newly discovered frogs could soon be joining them, Biju said. Many of the 24 known Indian dancing frog species lives only in a single, small area. Seven were in what Biju described as highly degraded habitats where logging or new plantations were taking over, while another 12 species were in areas that appeared in ecological decline.<\/p>\n

Biju\u2019s determination, or even obsession, with documenting as many new frog species as possible stems from his fear that many will vanish as \u201cunnamed extinctions\u201d before scientists ever learn they exist. Scientists believe Earth has about 8.7 million distinct plant and animal species, but they have documented only 1.5 million.<\/p>\n

Amphibians are particularly vulnerable. At least one-third of the world\u2019s known 6,000 frog species are threatened with extinction from habitat loss, pollution, changing temperatures or exotic diseases spread by invasive animals and pests, according to Global Wildlife Conservation.<\/p>\n

Sonali Garg one of the study\u2019s co-authors, said her family initially thought she was crazy for wanting to study frogs. \u201cBut slowly, they\u2019re becoming aware of how important and special frogs are,\u201d she said. \u201cSlowly, I\u2019m converting them.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

NEW DELHI\u2014Scientists have discovered 14 new species of so-called dancing frogs in the jungle mountains of southern India\u2014just in time, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":9366,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9364","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-news-w","mauthors-katy-daigle","mauthors-the-associated-press"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9364","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9364"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9364\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9366"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9364"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9364"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9364"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}