{"id":264698,"date":"2020-08-10T02:06:14","date_gmt":"2020-08-10T06:06:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/?p=264698"},"modified":"2020-08-10T02:06:14","modified_gmt":"2020-08-10T06:06:14","slug":"music-education-has-a-race-problem-and-universities-must-address-it","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/2020\/08\/10\/music-education-has-a-race-problem-and-universities-must-address-it\/","title":{"rendered":"Music education has a race problem, and universities must address it"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_264699\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-264699\" style=\"width: 1350px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/photo-1513829596324-4bb2800c5efb.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-264699\" src=\"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/photo-1513829596324-4bb2800c5efb.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1350\" height=\"900\" srcset=\"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/photo-1513829596324-4bb2800c5efb.jpg 1350w, https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/photo-1513829596324-4bb2800c5efb-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/photo-1513829596324-4bb2800c5efb-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/photo-1513829596324-4bb2800c5efb-1024x683.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1350px) 100vw, 1350px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-264699\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">So in this moment of intense reliance on music, we should pay attention to what might otherwise look like a petty squabble in a minor academic discipline. At the 2019 Society for Music Theory conference, music theorist Philip Ewell delivered a keynote lecture titled \u201cMusic Theory\u2019s White Racial Frame.\u201d (File Photo: Spencer Imbrock\/Unsplash)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Since the start of the pandemic, people have been turning to music to process the anxiety of <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/music-making-brings-us-together-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic-137147\">living in the shadow of death<\/a>. In global Black Lives Matter protests, music also plays a role, forging community and celebrating resilience. We can be more grateful than ever for music\u2019s power to express feelings and ideas too complex for words.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em><br \/>\n<strong><br \/>\nRead more:<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/hip-hop-is-the-soundtrack-to-black-lives-matter-protests-continuing-a-tradition-that-dates-back-to-the-blues-140879\">Hip-hop is the soundtrack to Black Lives Matter protests, continuing a tradition that dates back to the blues<\/a><br \/>\n<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>So in this moment of intense reliance on music, we should pay attention to what might otherwise look like a petty squabble in a minor academic discipline. At the 2019 Society for Music Theory conference, music theorist Philip Ewell delivered a keynote lecture titled \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/societymusictheory.org\/archives\/events\/meeting2019\">Music Theory\u2019s White Racial Frame<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/372726003\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Philip Ewell\u2019s talk at the 2019 annual meeting of the Society for Music Theory.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Ewell\u2019s talk explored how <a href=\"https:\/\/mtosmt.org\/issues\/mto.20.26.2\/mto.20.26.2.ewell.pdf\">conventional analytical strategies reinforce European classical music as the most worthy of study<\/a>. Indeed, it\u2019s the only music that gets to call itself \u201cmusic\u201d without an adjective like \u201cpopular,\u201d \u201cfolk\u201d or \u201cworld.\u201d This naturalizes the position of Western art music at the centre of what matters, while the musics of the rest of the world are particularized and othered. Thus, early in my own career as a music professor hired to introduce popular music to the curriculum, senior colleagues reminded me I needed to teach \u201creal\u201d music too.<\/p>\n<h2>Schenkerian supremacy<\/h2>\n<p>Ewell pointed to the widely acknowledged white supremacy of music analyst Heinrich Schenker\u2019s work, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/musqtl\/gdg050\">questioning why Schenkerian analysis remains central in most university music programs<\/a>. And this, it seems, was a bridge too far; the <em>Journal of Schenkerian Studies<\/em> devoted most of its <a href=\"https:\/\/mhte.music.unt.edu\/issues\">12th volume<\/a> to an 89-page rebuttal to Ewell\u2019s 3,000-word presentation.<\/p>\n<p>Surely it is fair to refer to this as a pile on, especially when five of the 15 contributors serve on the journal\u2019s editorial or advisory board; all appear to be white (Ewell is Black) and at least 13 are male (one author chose to remain anonymous); Ewell was not notified about the content in advance; and the contributions were not peer reviewed.<\/p>\n<p>This flouts professional standards in scholarly publishing. Much of the writing is <a href=\"https:\/\/dentonrc.com\/education\/higher_education\/a-unt-professor-challenged-claims-of-racism-in-music-theory-and-now-hes-facing-the\/article_e7cdab75-c6cb-5972-878d-fea7e2fb8b9d.html\">insulting and racist<\/a>; articles by Richard Beaudoin, Suzannah Clarke and Christopher Segall, however, respectfully engage with Ewell\u2019s work, demonstrating that some in the field are willing to examine biases and broaden approaches. The <a href=\"https:\/\/meganlavengood.com\/2020\/07\/27\/journal-of-schenkerian-studies-proving-the-point\/\">angriest pieces are by senior scholars<\/a>, including one professor emeritus.<\/p>\n<p>I need hardly say that this outsize response underscores Ewell\u2019s argument; clearly, outraged Schenkerians have assembled to defend their turf. Like the weepers described by Mamta Motwani Accapadi in her analysis of <a href=\"https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/EJ899418.pdf\">how white women use tears to deflect critics<\/a>, these \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-53588201\">SchenKarens<\/a>\u201d are shoring up their authority with indignation and bluster.<\/p>\n<h2>Public denunciations<\/h2>\n<p>Denunciations have come from the Society for Music Theory and, magnificently, from <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/RachelGainMusic\/status\/1287865730063462402\">graduate students<\/a> at the University of North Texas, which hosts the <em>Journal for Schenkerian Studies<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Still, I worry about this impulse for \u201cwoke\u201d music scholars to insist that music theory, musicology and ethnomusicology are all distinct disciplines and that theorists are notoriously backwards \u2026 don\u2019t even get us started on composers and performers!<\/p>\n<p>Insisting that music theory, musicology and ethnomusicology are separate disciplines with no shared ground impoverishes all of our work. By narrowing our focus and policing our boundaries, scholars miss connections and opportunities, and we remain frozen in disdain for all that we don\u2019t know. A distinction between applied and academic music may have its uses, but hyper-specialization leads ultimately to a belief that scholars can\u2019t be creative and that artists are incapable of critical thought.<\/p>\n<p>All these subdisciplines were built on assumptions of white supremacy, whether in the presumption of Western art music\u2019s superiority or in the entitlement of early ethnomusicologists collecting and codifying the music of \u201cexotics\u201d and \u201cprimitives.\u201d We who teach music must work together to dismantle these ideologies, particularly when we see them <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/07\/30\/arts\/music\/trump-classical-music.html\">weaponized<\/a>. Surely 2020\u2019s most urgent lesson is that we are all responsible for ensuring our communities are safe, inclusive, and respectful.<\/p>\n<h2>Legitimizing music education<\/h2>\n<p>Distinctions between areas of music studies are limiting, and they contribute to ensuring that university music programs are irrelevant to actual musicians, even those who want higher education.<\/p>\n<p>There are plentiful examples of successful musicians who developed their skills outside of university music departments. Singer-songwriter Moses Sumney enrolled in UCLA\u2019s creative writing program rather than music, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/09\/20\/arts\/music\/moses-sumney-aromanticism.html\">because he lacked background preparation for the predominantly classical repertoire<\/a>. John Legend \u2014 who has been nominated for 31 Grammy awards and received 11 \u2014 chose <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2006\/02\/08\/AR2006020802563.html\">English, not music, at the University of Pennsylvania<\/a>. Thom Yorke studied <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exetermemories.co.uk\/em\/_people\/yorke.php\">fine art and English<\/a> at the University of Exeter, while planning a music career.<\/p>\n<figure><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/C4-0Q8W8Nb0?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Moses Sumney performs as part of NPR\u2019s Tiny Desk concert series.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>My own institution, Dalhousie, was the logical place for Sarah McLachlan to study music \u2014 she\u2019d performed on campus as a high-schooler. Instead, she pursued <a href=\"http:\/\/www.broadcasting-history.ca\/personalities\/mclachlan-sarah\">fine arts at nearby Nova Scotia College of Art and Design (NSCAD)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>These stories are less shameful than Nina Simone\u2019s infamous rejection from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inquirer.com\/philly\/entertainment\/arts\/20150816_Curtis_and_the_case_of_Nina_Simone.html\">the Curtis Institute of Music in 1951<\/a>, but the pattern of musicians dismissing the value of music degrees is troubling.<\/p>\n<h2>Unflinching examination<\/h2>\n<p>Can we keep condoning an ideology that deters ambitious, talented musicians from pursuing higher education in music? Many professors are scrambling through this extraordinary summer to learn to teach online, and to make their class content speak to the times we live in. We can also seize this opportunity to make our programs inclusive, appealing and <em>useful<\/em> to talented people dreaming of creating music that will speak to the world.<\/p>\n<p>This must include an unflinching examination of our collective investment in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.buzzsprout.com\/1114601\/4700222\">the music of the past and in musical whiteness<\/a>. It will be challenging, but the boundaries can dissolve between performance and creation, classical and vernacular musics, and theory and application. Now is the time to work together, in recognition that what we teach matters.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/143719\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/jacqueline-warwick-1141144\">Jacqueline Warwick<\/a>, Professor of Musicology, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/dalhousie-university-1329\">Dalhousie University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/music-education-has-a-race-problem-and-universities-must-address-it-143719\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Since the start of the pandemic, people have been turning to music to process the anxiety of living in the &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":264699,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[54365,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-264698","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-instagram","category-lifestyle","mauthors-jacqueline-warwick-dalhousie-university","mauthors-the-conversation"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/264698","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/33"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=264698"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/264698\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":264700,"href":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/264698\/revisions\/264700"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/264699"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=264698"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=264698"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=264698"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}