{"id":21421,"date":"2014-08-10T18:35:13","date_gmt":"2014-08-10T10:35:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/?p=21421"},"modified":"2014-08-10T17:05:49","modified_gmt":"2014-08-10T09:05:49","slug":"who-seeks-expert-advice-on-the-ethics-of-using-experimental-ebola-drugs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/canadianinquirer.net\/v1\/2014\/08\/10\/who-seeks-expert-advice-on-the-ethics-of-using-experimental-ebola-drugs\/","title":{"rendered":"WHO seeks expert advice on the ethics of using experimental Ebola drugs"},"content":{"rendered":"
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TORONTO\u2014On Monday experts from around the world will converge, by telephone, to try to chart a path through a mine field of ethical issues related to the expanding Ebola outbreak in West Africa.<\/p>\n

The experts\u2014ethicists and representatives of the affected countries and other players involved in the outbreak\u2014are meeting at the request of the World Health Organization to debate whether it is ethical to use experimental Ebola therapies in this epidemic.<\/p>\n

Most of the treatment options, including the one given recently to two American aid workers, have never been tested in humans. Studies in Ebola-infected primates provide the strongest clues of whether these potential drugs and candidate vaccines might work on people and whether they are safe for people to use.<\/p>\n

The ethical questions are thorny, especially given the number of available doses or treatment courses is vanishingly small\u2014nowhere near enough to make a dent in an outbreak that has already claimed close to 1,000 lives. Nearly 40 per cent of all known Ebola deaths ever have occurred in this outbreak, which is far from over.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou have experimental products which have never even been used in humans, in healthy volunteers. And in addition, there is very, very little of it. So what do you do with it?\u201d Dr. Marie-Paule Kieny, the WHO\u2019s assistant director general for health systems and innovation, says in describing the dilemmas the ethics panel will be asked to help the WHO work through.<\/p>\n

\u201cOf course it should be used but for whom and how? I think you could make a case that if they are to be used, they should be used also in a condition where it is possible to learn as much as possible from their use.\u201d<\/p>\n

Researchers have been trying to develop Ebola drugs and vaccines for years. But even the most promising projects eventually run up against what has been an intractable problem: The only way to know if a vaccine prevents Ebola infection or a drug cures it is to use it in an outbreak. The idea of using in Africa drugs for which there is little or no human safety data makes many people shudder.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou need to reassure the governments and the regulators in these countries that you are not just taking their citizens and using them to do research,\u201d Kieny insists.<\/p>\n

Dr. Ross Upshur, former director of the University of Toronto\u2019s Joint Centre for Bioethics, says the idea of using experimental drugs needs sober reflection.<\/p>\n

\u201cTrust me, I am no friend of Ebola,\u201d says Upshur, now a professor at the University of Toronto\u2019s Dalla Lana School of Public Health. \u201cBut taking whatever might be out in however many labs around the world and starting to stick them into people without a good clear (study) protocol, without informed consent, without regulatory oversight would be foolish.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe need to be really clearheaded about this, because it will also be precedent setting.\u201d<\/p>\n

Many of the questions the panel will debate will inform decisions that will need to be taken down the road. Right now there is almost nothing to distribute, people familiar with the various research projects say. Making experimental drugs or vaccines is expensive business, and the laboratories and biotech companies doing this type of early research only produce tiny batches.<\/p>\n

Take for example the therapy used by Americans Dr. Kent Brantly and Nancy Writebol, a cocktail of three monoclonal antibodies that attack proteins on the surface of the Ebola virus.<\/p>\n

Mapp Biopharmaceutical, the company behind the product, has \u201cfewer than a handful\u201d of treatment courses left of the drug, called ZMapp, says Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Another source is more specific, saying that after Brantly and Writebol were treated, there was only enough drug left for three people.<\/p>\n

\u201cSo this idea about (opening) the cupboard: There\u2019s no cupboard right now. That\u2019s like a moot point about distributing it because there\u2019s very, very little,\u201d Fauci insists.<\/p>\n

It is estimated that making another batch of ZMapp could take three to four months. \u201cThis is something so new and experimental it (production) has not been scaled up,\u201d says Kieny.<\/p>\n

Another potential option for compassionate use is a therapy called TKM-Ebola, made by Tekmira Pharmaceuticals of Burnaby, B.C.<\/p>\n

The drug binds to the RNA of the Ebola virus, blocking its ability to make disease causing proteins. It has been given to some healthy human volunteers. But the study was suspended by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration because of concerns over what has been described as a safety signal when the drug was given at high doses.<\/p>\n

Last week the FDA partially lifted that hold, potentially allowing the drug to be used in the outbreak. Tekmira President Dr. Mark Murray said the company would be willing to assist in any responsible use of the drug. But the company will not disclose how many doses of TKM-Ebola it has on hand, or how long it will take to make more.<\/p>\n

Prior to the emergency use of ZMapp, most experts argued that experimental drugs could not be used safely in this outbreak. There is too much panic and hostility among people in affected communities, the argument went. Use of anything new, especially something injectable, would only fan the raging rumours that the response workers are spreading Ebola, not trying to treat it.<\/p>\n

But since the Brantly-Writebol incident, opinion has shifted.<\/p>\n

Three leading public health leaders\u2014Dr. Jeremy Farrar, head of Britain\u2019s Wellcome Trust, Dr. David Heymann, head of the Chatham House Centre on Global Health Security in London, and Dr. Peter Piot, director of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine\u2014argued last week in the Wall Street Journal that it is time to fast-track safety testing of the therapies in healthy volunteers in unaffected countries, so that drugs can be tested in African in this outbreak. They note the epidemic is likely to continue for months.<\/p>\n

And that is probably the most optimistic timeline for having any product to test in Africa. Fauci says his organization plans to begin a Phase I clinical trial of an Ebola vaccine in September. Phase I trials involve giving something to a small number of healthy volunteers to see if it is safe. With a vaccine, a Phase I trial could also show if recipients developed Ebola antibodies.<\/p>\n

\u201cIf it\u2019s successful and if it\u2019s safe and if it works, then we would hopefully be able to sometime in late 2015 have some to be able to give to health-care workers who are going to put themselves on the line,\u201d says Fauci.<\/p>\n

While more than a year away, that is lightening speed for a vaccine that hasn\u2019t yet been given to people. Still, everyone hopes this outbreak will be over by then.<\/p>\n

In the meantime, Kieny says, the WHO is exploring the possibility of helping the affected countries develop convalescent serum\u2014blood from survivors which would contain Ebola antibodies\u2014and hyperimmune globulin, a more concentrated antibody serum. Both these therapies are used for a variety of illnesses; hyperimmune globulin, for instance, is used to treat people who have been exposed to rabies.<\/p>\n

\u201cNeither convalescent serum nor hyperimmune globulins are there yet,\u201d Kieny says. \u201cBut this is something that could be worked on and be available in the coming few months.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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